Estado laico e religião na política do Congresso Nacional: análise da atuação política dos deputados federais, a partir de projetos de leis e discursos em plenária, no período entre 2013 e 2017

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze whether the political performance of the Federal Deputies in the National Congress is in accordance with the state secularity enshrined in the Federal Constitution of 1988, based on the analysis of speeches in plenary and draft laws, the political participation of religious parliamentarians and the existence of religious parliamentary fronts are in line with the dictates of democratic plurality and hence of the principle of neutrality of state institutions. It was a monograph, originating from a project of scientific initiation and bibliographical research, with the collection of official documents on the subject. To fulfill this purpose, books of the theoretical reference chosen to base the work, Jürgen Habermas, as well as commentators of the author, were used, highlighting the use of books and articles, as well as documents such as plenary speeches and bills obtained on the website of the Chamber of Deputies. In this research, it analyzed the way in which modern states began to establish secularization and separation of the relation between state and church, pointing to the consequences of this secularist movement in the composition of the present state, demonstrating the importance of tolerance in a pluralist and in what way the freedom of religion came to have great relevance in the discussions about the state posture, it was still emphasized in the explanation of concepts related to the subject. Subsequently, the dialogue between Rawls and Habermas on the public use of the ratio of believing and non-believing citizens was introduced, highlighting the Rawlsian arguments and then discussing Habermas's critiques of this theory, stressing how Habermasian perception provides answers and solutions for the participation of religious citizens within the formal public sphere. Finally, came to answer the questioning guiding the work in order to conclude that the participation of Religious Federal Deputies and the existence of religious parliamentary fronts is feasible and does not violate the principle of state secularism, otherwise, corroborates for the realization of the right fundamental to religious freedom, in which all the world views existing in society have the right to equal participation of public life, we also went on to analyze the speeches in plenary and draft laws, obtained on the website of the Chamber of Deputies, for conclusion that the Chamber of Deputies has a dual attitude towards state secularism, while at the same time acting in accordance with the dictates of the principle, in elaborating and grounding the bills, they also violate it in defending its ideals in the plenary of the Legislative House, because they use strictly religious arguments within the scope of the formal public sphere, considered illegitimate, in the mold of the Habermasian theory.